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Recent developments in policies in care

Ongoing advancements in approaches in care There are various late advancements in strategies identifying with care, nonetheless, I am goi...

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Recent developments in policies in care

Ongoing advancements in approaches in care There are various late advancements in strategies identifying with care, nonetheless, I am going to concentrate on only one of these approaches which is the National Health Service And Community Care Act 1990. Network care has no single significance, comprehensively, it implies helping individuals who need care and backing to live with poise and however much autonomy as could be expected in the network. The people group is difficult to characterize, it frequently implies customary homes, however for certain individuals, it incorporates exceptional types of lodging, private or nursing homes. Network care includes arrangement which is to a great extent annuities, benefits, pay, transport, lodging, the chance to work, strategies for basic administrations, for example, fuel, phone, amusement, training and relaxation. Network care is a piece of our lives. It is the trap of care and backing accommodated delicate, individuals have wiped out, subordinate individuals both by their families or others individuals from the network and by open or different administrations. This implies helping a few people stay in their homes or making homelike spots fitting help. Network care implies an inclination for home life over institutional consideration. It implies helping individuals to be incorporated with their nearby network, as opposed to being discrete from it, in a long stay clinic, where individuals do live with others in what are called common settings or gathering homes. There is a general reference for littler homes near where individuals have consistently lived. New courses of action are being presented for openly offered social types of assistance. These are frequently alluded to as the network care changes. They were first portrayed in 1989 Government report called Caring for individuals, the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 made the vital legitimate changes. Right off the bat, When taking a gander at the history behind the NHS and network Care Act 1990, In 1948 the new National Health Service (NHS) and nearby specialists acquired 500 old workhouses that provided food for, or warehoused a blend of old individuals, some of whom were unequipped for taking care of themselves, some of whom required clinical or nursing care, and some of whom basically had no place else to go. The NHS, needed to dispose of its humiliating establishments, which contained several individuals restricted to enormous wards with no security and accepting no critical clinical treatment (Townsend 1962). The Nuffield Foundation gave a report from an advisory group led by seebohm Rowntree in 1947 on the conditions of elderly folks individuals living in these homes, in littler private settlement and at home. It suggested the improvement of little units, of close to thirty five individuals, sited in the network. Focal Government gave direction to nearby specialists urging them to grow such littler private homes, however its own use limitations made this hard to accomplish until the 1960s when conclusion of the rest of the workhouses turned into a significant arrangement objective and neighborhood specialists started to develop administrations that upheld old individuals in their homes, for example, home aides and dinners on wheels. In NHS phrasing these choices to long remain care in the old medical clinics and workhouses came to be called network care. A similar methodology can be found in the following social gathering to be considered for network care, which was the intellectually sick. The Royal Commission on the Law identifying with psychological instability and mental inadequacy in 1957 saw a decrease in the quantity of individuals requiring long haul necessary confinement in clinics. Many were there and their common freedoms denied just in light of the fact that no choices were accessible. The groundwork for the conclusion of huge long stay clinics for the intellectually not well started in the mid 1960s yet it advanced gradually from the outset. It was the embarrassments that hit the long stay organizations for the intellectually crippled in the late 1960s and mid 1970s that started an enormous program of medical clinic conclusion for that bunch as well. (Martin 1984). The term network care came to be applied to those offices that were created to supplant long-stay medical clinic care. The desire was that nearby specialists would assume the job of demonstrating such elective consideration. During the 1980s, the accentuation changed once more. In their initial explanation of strategy needs for the old, becoming more established, the new moderate government accentuated the significance not of care in the network yet of care by the network (Department of Health and Social Security 1981). This basically implied care by the family and backing by neighbors and nearby willful gatherings, not the nearby power. Network care has been a worry to move the obligation regarding care starting with one office then onto the next, from the NHS to nearby specialists, from neighborhood specialists to families. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 was presented for various reasons, it presented new methods for masterminding and paying for state supported social consideration. The legislature expressed that they plan to utilize open cash to ensure that the administrations which are given by nearby and wellbeing specialists address their issues. They urged specialists to set needs to choose how they will go through cash if there isn't sufficient to accommodate everyones needs. They likewise guarantee that neighborhood specialists keep an eye on the nature of care which is being given through review units, protests strategies, care the board, setting of administration determinations and checking contracts for care and they planned to urge nearby specialists to utilize different associations to offer types of assistance, not simply to give themselves. The Audit Commission 1986 did a report called making a Reality of Community Care, which was a profoundly relevant and basic archive. It talked about the divided idea of the purported range of care that should be accessible, from medical clinic to domiciliary consideration. It brought up that numerous organizations were included and that numerous individuals were either misunderstanding the sort of care or not getting care by any stretch of the imagination. It scrutinized subsidizing courses of action that gave more focal government backing to emergency clinic care than to neighborhood specialists, which were giving another option. What was new was the presentation of what was befalling the standardized savings financing of private consideration. The Audit Commission reported the ascent in spending and contended that the legislature was by and large entirely conflicting. It was telling nearby specialists that it needed elderly individuals to remain at home for whatever length of time that conceivable on the grounds that that was the most financially savvy and alluring activity, and yet it was driving enormous wholes of open cash into costly private and nursing home consideration. Sir Roy Griffiths, Mrs Thatchers confided in consultant on the NHS, had just answered to her on the administration of the NHS. He was called into administration once more. He set up the Griffiths report in 1984 to audit the manner by which open assets are utilized to help network care strategy and to inform the secretary regarding state on alternatives which would improve the utilization of these assets. (Division of Health and Social Security 1988). His basic occupation was to sort the cash issue. In his report he suggested that open fund for individuals, who require either private home consideration or non-intense nursing home consideration, regardless of whether that is given by the open division or by private or intentional associations, ought to be given similarly. Open account should just be given after isolated appraisals of the money related methods for the candidate and of the need of care. The evaluations ought to be overseen through social administrations specialists. Neighborhood authority social administrations offices were liable for the subsidizing of help and association in the network, which started when the foundation of the NHS and Community Care 1990 was made. The obscuring of the limits including wellbeing and social consideration became effective simultaneously as the advancement of this Act was made. Late discussions are worried about fairness in network care over the assignment of open assets including different customer gatherings, salary gatherings, territories and ages. Nearby position administrations offices were responsible for financing and arranging care and backing in the network, this was completed by the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 to permit people who are influenced by handicap or maturing to live freely as could be expected under the circumstances. Both the possibility of obligation and network care and for its association has been particularly difficult to recognize. For instance, in 1981 an investigation by the Department of Health and Social Security recognized the conflicting comprehension of network care by wellbeing and social administrations specialists. For the NHS, people group care regularly alluded to mind offered outside the wellbeing administration, for instance, private consideration from neighborhood specialists. Private consideration was alluded predominantly by social administrations divisions. The focal branch of government managed savings was given the fundamental duty regarding financing from implies testing to nearby assistance divisions. Giving and arranging care and surveying people groups needs was the nearby authoritys duty. This included domiciliary consideration just as the recompense of cash for places in private and nursing homes. The Act included key goals, which were, three distinct kinds of administrations accessible for individuals at their homes, for example, reprieve, day and domiciliary administrations which incorporates word related treatment, washing administrations, home consideration and home assistance, different sorts of daytime care outside a people home is related with day administrations. Instances of day administrations are lunch clubs, day clinics and day focuses. Another key target is relief care empowers individuals who are being thought about and carers to get a break from another. Relief administrations incorporate day community participation, family situation plans, sitting administrations and furthermore rest care gave in nursing and private homes. Another goal from the Act was administration for carers, when a people needs evaluate

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Music assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Music - Assignment Example The Gypsy Laddie likewise proves limitation and changing convictions with the reference to the woman running with the tramps and leaving her Lord and youngster mirroring the changing status in the network at the time with Lords and vagabonds. Balladic equations included the utilization of repetitive expressions, verses, and lines to communicate account thoughts and underline the song story making it simple to recall the expressions of a ditty while normal modifiers were utilized in evolving pitches. The recipes took into consideration the recollecting of an abbreviated design of huge account delineating its significance in recalling words in a number. Instances of equations and basic modifiers incorporate the stock words, entire verses, steady redundancy, phrases. In tunes, the Lily-White hand spoke to the up and coming event of emotional activity remembering assault or enticement as clear for Prince Heathen and Katherine Jaffray including assault and torment and salvage separately. Different recipes utilized in ditties remember dressing for rich clothing, where to get a bonny kid, and playing at the ball. Safeguarding the verses or keeping the â€Å"emotional core† flawless was significant in light of the fact tha t it spoke to â€Å"time regarded articulations of intermittent anthem acts† with equations encouraging remembrance (Harris, 22). Other than limitation, different powers of progress that influenced ditty verses incorporate awareness of class contrasts, expanded proficiency levels/training, urbanization, religion, and diverse social qualities and practices (Buchan, 236). There is a potential association between African American spirituals and the Underground Railroad, and the vast majority of the researchers accept that an association exists among otherworldliness and the Underground Railroad organize. Instances of words utilized in the Underground Railroad arrange that originate from otherworldly messages incorporate â€Å"Drinking Gourd† alluded to The Big Dipper who’s handle highlighted the North Star representing the North Start in the Bible that let the

Thursday, August 13, 2020

Book Riots Deals of the Day for December 10th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for December 10th, 2019 Sponsored by Amazon Publishing. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Marlena by  Julie Buntin for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. A Prince on Paper by Alyssa Cole for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Hollow Kingdom by Kira Jane Buxton for $3.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Invasive by Chuck Wendig for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular DealS The Dragon Republic by R.F. Kuang for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Trauma Cleaner by Sarah Krasnostein for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre hot!): Slayer by Kiersten White for $1.99. Chasing Down a Dream by  Beverly Jenkins for $2.99. The Field Guide to the North American Teenager by Ben Philippe for $1.99. The Ten Thousand Doors of January by Alix E. Harrow for $2.99. I Believe in a Thing Called Love by Maurene Goo for $2.99. Im Telling the Truth, but Im Lying by Bassey Ikpi for $2.99. Upstream: Selected Essays by Mary Oliver for $4.99. Vita Nostra by Marina and Sergey Dyachenko, translated by Julia Meitov Hersey for $1.99 Opposite of Always by Justin A. Reynolds for $1.99 Signal to Noise by Silvia Moreno-Garcia for $0.99 Six Wakes by Mur Lafferty for $2.99 All About Love: New Visions by bell hooks for $1.99 How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe by Charles Yu for $2.99 News of the World by Paulette Jiles for $2.99 A Very Large Expanse of Sea by Tahereh Mafi for $1.99 A Woman is No Man by Etaf Rum for $2.99 Dont Call Us Dead by Danez Smith for $2.99 Wild Beauty by Anna-Marie McLemore for $2.99 The Wife Between Us by Greer Hendricks  and Sarah Pekkanen for $2.99 The Magicians Assistant by Ann Patchett for $2.99 The Gilded Wolves by Roshani Chokshi for $2.99 The Child Finder by Rene Denfeld for $2.99 Cork Dork by Bianca Bosker for $1.99 Florida by Lauren Groff for $4.99 The Prey of Gods by Nicky Drayden for $1.99 Like a Love Story by Abdi Nazemian for $1.99 We Hunt the Flame by Hafsah Faizal for $2.99 A Discovery of Witches by Deborah Harkness for $1.99 Im Your Man: The Life of Leonard Cohen by Sylvie Simmons for $1.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 The Shadowglass (The Bone Witch Book 3) by Rin Chupeco for $2.99 Magic Hour: A Novel by Kristin Hannah for $2.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 New Kid by Jerry Craft for $2.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 Fruit of the Drunken Tree by Ingrid Rojas Contreras for $4.99 Black Water Rising by Attica Locke for $1.99 The Heart Forger (The Bone Witch Book 2) by Rin Chupeco for $1.99 The Bone Witch  by Rin Chupeco for $0.99 Revelation Space by Alastair Reynolds for $2.99 The Ensemble: A Novel by Aja Gabel for $4.99 The Female Persuasion: A Novel by Meg Wolitzer for $1.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 Flights by Olga Tokarczuk for $4.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Dietary Guidelines For Nutrition And Human Needs

According to the History of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans , In 1977 after years of scientific review and controversy the US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, led by Senator George McGovern, recommended Dietary Goals for the American people (US Senate Select Committee, 1977). The Goals included complementary nutrient-based and food-based recommendations. The first goal aim attention at energy balance and urged that, to prevent overweight, Americans should endure only as much energy as they are necessary. Overweight Americans should consume less energy and expend more energy. For the nutrient-based Goals, the Senate Committee recommended Americans, boost their consumption of complex carbohydrates and â€Å"naturally occurring sugars;† and make less consumption of refined and processed sugars, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium (1).) The beginning of the Dietary Goals encounter debates and controversy, as industry groups and the scientifi c community expressed questioning that the science available at the time supported the specificity of the numbers provided in the Dietary Goals. To support the credibility of the science used by the Committee, the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services (then called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) scientists from the two Departments acquire additional expertise from the scientific community throughout the country to address the public’s need forShow MoreRelatedDietary Guidelines For Health And Chronic Disease Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe US government uses dietary guidelines for Americans and how the guidelines were supposed to help by creating a healthy eating pattern to maintain health and reduce the risk of chronic disease. . Diet and chronic diseases are sometimes connected. For example, it is proven that nutrient deficiency disease like scurvy can be cured by consuming the lost nutrients. However, it is also sh own that some nutrient exposure can cause chronic illness such as energy, fats, sodium dietary fiber, and food exposuresRead MoreDietary Guidelines For The Diet And Chronic Disease Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesUS government uses dietary guidelines for Americans and how the guidelines were supposed to help us eat and stay healthy. Diet and chronic diseases are sometimes connected. For example, it is proven that nutrient deficiency disease like scurvy can be cured by consuming the lost nutrients. However, it is also shown that some nutrient exposure can cause chronic illness such as energy, fats, sodium dietary fiber, and food exposures, etc. making it difficult to set dietary guidelines. In addition to someRead MorePublic Health Policy Evaluation And Treatment Of Overweight And Obesity1451 Words   |  6 Pages Public Health Policy Evaluation Benedictine University Susanna Johnson Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. National Heart, Lung and blood Institute. 1998. Surgeon General’s Call to Action. Heart Disease, the number one cause of death in the United States, as well as Stoke (4th) and Diabetes the 7th leading cause of death all have a common denominator; Obesity (CDC). All of these statistics have continued toRead MoreThe Dietary Guidelines For Americans760 Words   |  4 Pages http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/acknowledgments/ Summary Over the past few decades, deficiencies of essential nutrients have drastically diminished, many infectious diseases have been reduced, and most of the U.S. population can now foresee a long and productive life. In the meantime, rates of chronic diseases hefty portion of which are identified with poor quality diet and physical activity has increased. About half of all American grown-up have one or more preventable, diet-relatedRead MoreNotes On Fruit And Vegetable Purchase Data Obtained1153 Words   |  5 Pagestheir results are important to include because it gives a base rate of what was occurring to what is now occurring. Providing data from both spectrums can help determine what changes worked and what changes need to be improved. Incentive programs are always adapting and changing to the needs of the participants. Changes in minimum wage and changes in prices of food are also important to incentive programs. It is important to note what worked previously in years, to know how t o grow and expand theRead MoreEating Habits And Lifestyle Of The Field Of Dietetics / Nutrition New Diets1532 Words   |  7 PagesIn the field of dietetics/ nutrition new diets are always emerging and the Paleo diet is not the exception. There are two points of view: 1) People should follow the dietary guidelines set by the government; 2) People should imitate the diet of humans from over 10,000 years ago. I will present a brief history and description on both sides of the argument followed by my opinion. I will end by arguing that the paleo diet is very restrictive and there needs to be more research done to prove that thisRead Moreweek 1 - nutrition and health1661 Words   |  7 Pages What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? According to Wardlaw and Smith  (2011) â€Å"Nutrition is the science that links foods to health and disease. It includes the processes by which the human organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, and excretes food substances† in which the body needs to be able to function each day. Each individual has their own nutritional needs that will enable them to stay healthy and deal with disease. Healthy nutrition can also help anRead MoreContemporary Nutrition1641 Words   |  7 Pagesit help ensure that a diet contains sufficient nutrients, but also makes meals more interesting rather than eating the â€Å"same old thing† day after day. This approach is also best because no one particular food choice meets all of a person’s nutrient needs. For example, although carrots have a rich source of a pigment that forms vitamin A, you are neglecting various other nutrients found only in other vegetables. In this regard, diversity in your diet is essential because the required nutrients are scatteredRead MoreThe Effects Of Gestational Diabetes1016 Words   |  5 Pagespregnancy (1). The definition is used whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and even if the condition continues after pregnancy (1). MNT is currently part of the treatment to provide adequate calories and nutrients to meet the needs of pregnancy and manage GDM. Therefore, the objective of this literature search was to demonstrate the significance the role of MNT has in treating GDM. There is various studies that focus on providing evidence of a low-glycemic diet that can be effectiveRead MoreStages Of A Good Nutrition Helps Adults Enjoy An Active Lifestyle Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the dictionary a lifecycle is the span of a human life, which consists of different stages, including pregnancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Some of those stages are subdivided on different segments; for example during adulthood people go t hrough Early Adulthood, Midlife, and Later Adulthood. All of them need the same basic nutrients, but each one has different challenges and possible deficiencies. Although the basic nutrients are the same; the amounts of nutrients

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

The Kanzius Machine A Cancer Cure - 973 Words

1. The Kanzius Machine: A Cancer Cure? CBSNews. CBS Interactive. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. This article talks about the Kanzius Machine this is actually an interview broadcast published by CBSNews. It was the worst kind of luck that gave Kanzius the idea to use radio waves to kill cancer cells: six years ago, he was diagnosed with terminal leukemia and since then has undergone 36 rounds of toxic chemotherapy. But it wasn t his own condition that motivated him, it was looking into the hollow eyes of sick children on the cancer ward at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston (Stahl). Kanzius thought he had found a way attack cancer cells without the collateral damage caused by chemotherapy and radiation. Today, his invention is in the laboratories of two major research centers - the University of Pittsburgh and M.D. Anderson, where Dr. Steven Curley, a liver cancer surgeon, is testing it (Stahl). This interview included information that I can use in my paper. It talks about the reason why Kanzius decide to invent this cure and it will help me to quote some of his words. In addition it includes some ideas that Kanzius had that I can suggest in the second part of my paper. The article was published in a reputable web page, The CBSNews and was found in the electronic database. 2. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. The Kanzius Machine: A New Cancer Treatment Idea from an Unexpected Source. Web. 10 Nov. 2015 The article examines the radio-wave machine created by John Kanzius to treatShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Cancer Curing Quantum Energy1782 Words   |  8 PagesCancer Curing Quantum Energy Currently the world is fighting an ostensibly insurmountable disease. In 2012, this disease created 14 million new cases worldwide and was responsible for an estimated 8.2 million deaths (â€Å"Cancer Statistics†). While these statistics already demonstrate a wide-spread impact, the number of cases related to this disease is expected to increase to an alarming 22 million within the next two decades (â€Å"Cancer Statistics†). This disease is known to reside latently within our

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

What is Art Free Essays

Art has no agreed upon definition. Art appears In many different forms, from paintings and sculptures to crafts and even tattoos. Art Is an expression of what one thinks is beautiful and captivating. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Art? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Art could be a song that makes you remember cherished memories or one that allows you to imagine the future. A painting of a beautiful field that looks so peaceful and inviting a person could escape from their reality and picture themselves surrounded by the serenity the artist has portrayed. Most everyone has his or her opinion of what art Is. A sculpture like Michelangelo, David, depicts the beauty of the male form, although some people might find It offensive, It has been considered a masterpiece of the Renaissance period. The Nude Magma by Francisco Soya this portrait is controversial for obvious reasons, while some may see the beauty in the nude woman form; others may regard this painting distasteful. Leonardo dad Vine’s, famous, Mona Lisa has long been a topic of discussion in regards to what the painting itself represents, is it a man or a woman? Is there really a mystery behind that smile or Is she attempting to hide the pain? Art Is open to Interpretation, and that Is one of the many great things about It. Buildings like the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Bucking Palace, and the Pyramids of Gaza, as well as structures like the Golden Gate Bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge, are designed in ways that took an immense amount of skill and imagination. These masterpieces are not only works of art, but they are all famous landmarks. Music Is also a form of art that has been around for a very long time. In the early period, there were composers of medieval music and Renaissance music. The Common Practice period brought us Baroque, Classical, and Romantic music and the Modern and Contemporary period brought Modern, 20th Century, Contemporary, and 21 SST Century music. The commonality, no matter what period, is the feeling one gets when one listens to the music. You can feel the music deep within as If It is awakening every cell In your body. Music of all genres Is considered art, and when you pair It with dance, It brings the art to another level. There is no simple answer to the question, what is art? To me, art is something beautifully unique. A piece of the artist that was created to make people understand and experience what the artist was feeling at the time. Some of the best art I have ever seen and cherish the most are not the Mona Lisa or David. They are the photographs I have taken of my family and friends with huge smiles or goofy expressions. The macaroni necklaces and handmade Christmas ornaments my children have made me over the years. The pictures colored for me by my granddaughter. To me, they are priceless masterpieces. Therefore, in my opinion, art truly is in the eye of the beholder. Unfortunately, I have not has a great deal of exposure to the works of any particular artist. When it comes to art in any form, for me, I will know if I like or dislike any piece as soon as I see it. I have found that what draw me in are the various colors used, as well as the style. How to cite What is Art?, Papers What is Art Free Essays Art is defined as the process or the product of elements that are arranged to affect the senses or emotions. It is a way by which we stimulate our senses and emotions in many forms. Most art forms that are recognized by everyone include sculptures, paintings, dance, music, and the like, but now, the definition of art is less stringent than it was before. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Art? or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the concept of art being scrutinized under the subjective lens of value judgments, main basis for considering one an art now is the perception of an individual. The perception of something whether attractive or repulsive is colored by experience and need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic. Eating, though not always considered as art, may be considered as such. With the expanded definition of art to encompass so many things, eating is not excluded. Eating in itself is creative, which is why it can be classified as an art form. With different people having different ways of eating the same food, it is also augmented by the artistry of the food and the experiences that one goes through when in the process of eating. The act itself is the process by which we stimulate our senses, and in another place, even emotions. While it doesn’t mainly use the conventional eye to perceive the work (in this case, food), the tongue and the taste is the main sense that enables the person to give a value judgment of the work. In many cases where fine dining is concerned, aesthetic appeal is also given a premium, so much so that there are even techniques in arranging the food, called plating. Emotions can also be evoked by eating especially with the cultural background of the cook and the food. An Asian migrant in France might miss home with a well done dimsum and remember how his mother used to cook for him when he was a kid with the congee he’s eating. Overall, eating is a multi-dimensional experience that is judged through the different senses (taste, aroma and look) and the experiences they evoke from the ones who experience the food. Moreover, these cultural and economic backgrounds influence the way people eat, therefore, giving a different experience. Such differences include picking which part of the pizza to eat first, picking out individual ingredients of a salad to eat in order, separating the sauce from the food, etc. Eating is the process of judging the taste of a dish, how well it is presented and how it is authentic new or any other impression the food may leave to the one eating, as well as the way people eat based on their culture and economic standing. These processes are the aesthetic experiences of eating that are visual as well as those that go beyond the visual. These experiences enable the person to judge the food and express their own ways on how to eat them based on their sentiments and tastes, which is the whole point of aesthetics. With the main factor involved in aesthetics being the response and reaction of the person to the food, eating incites such automatic reactions which can range from the food being awesome to being disgusting linked to cultural values. Other factors involved in aesthetic judgment include will and desire, and preference and choice, which are all evoked through the process of eating. How to cite What is Art?, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Business Strategy of Tesco Organization-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategy of Tesco Organization. Answer: About Tesco Organization Tesco Plc is British- based grocery and a retail group and ranks third in terms of profit in the globe. This organization has been selected as it holds the highest rank among the food retailing industry in UK (Johnson 2017). The organizations main purpose is to generate customer value for gaining their loyalty in the lifetime. This entity is selected as it commits in innovating quality products based on the customers preference and money value. Tesco is excellent in the field due to its implementation of marketing strategy. For example, Tescos Clubcard offer rewards system for which customers wants to come back. Current position of Tesco in the market Tesco Plcs strategic capabilities lie in their sturdy financial performance. The companys current sale increases to 49,867 as compared to last year, which amounted to 47,859. The company has gained total revenue of 55,917 in 2017, which is quite high from the year 2016 that accounts to 53,933m. However, the companys profit increased in this year in respect to the previous year. The current market position of Tesco Plc has been analyzed based on their internal conditions. This has been discussed by implementing SWOT framework. SWOT framework includes both the external and internal forces (Russo and Minto 2012). The internal forces involve firms strength and weakness whereas external forces include opportunities and threats. The SWOT framework of Tesco Plc has been discussed below: Strengths of Tesco- The main strength of Tesco lies in their network distribution. The loyalty card of Tesco Plc helps the company in understanding the customers in a better way. The firms brand name facilitates them in expanding their business and attaining customers trust (Santos-Vijande et al. 2012). Owing to this, Tesco Plc hails good progress for increase in sales in 2017. It has created new business methods including opening more stores and online shopping that eased the customers convenience. Weaknesses of Tesco- Tesco Plc key weakness lies in the pricing strategy. They intend to lower product price than its competitors for attracting more customers. In addition, increasing debt of Tesco increases the risk of their liquidity and the decreasing operation efficiency negatively influences their financial performance. Recent statistics highlights that net debt in first quarter in 2017 is 3729m and is predicted that it will cross total net debt of 2016 (5110m). Opportunities of Tesco- As Tesco has diversified in many countries, it has the opportunity in enjoying high rate of growth from other subsidiaries. Owing to high living standards of people, the purchasing power increases and this creates opportunities for expanding their business (Walker and Madsen 2016). Recently, Tesco invested in Blinkbox that facilitates them to expand into digital market. Threats of Tesco- The threat of this entity lies in the prevailing environment of the economy. If the country is suffering from financial crisis, the purchasing power reduces and this lowers the firms profitability level. Moreover, Tesco Plc also faces challenges from other rivalries such as Sainsbury, Morrison in terms of pricing strategy in global arena. About Sainsbury Organization Sainsbury Plc is UKs second largest supermarket chain in UK that holds 16.9% market share value. In this report, Sainsbury is selected due to its expanded ownership structure. Moreover, the various strategies adapted by the company in recent period aids them to attain high market share value and increase profitability. The business strategy of Sainsbury Plc is to target price responsive consumers and deliver products at lower price than its rivals. The initiative for carbon footprint facilitates the farms in working efficiently and is excellent in the field of sustainable farming. This also helps the farms in reducing environmental impact. Current position of Sainsbury in the market Sainsbury implements strategy for long term in order to build sustainable business throughout the year (Scholes 2015). The business strategy mainly focuses on price leadership and delivering quality products to their customers at fair prices. They also implements marketing audit process for improving their position in the current market. The income statement of Sainsbury reveals that its revenue increased by 11.56% from 2016 to 2017 despite fall in income of 19.96%. However, increase in sales from 3.62% to 4.60% led to rise in revenue in 2017. The strategic plan that this entity applies focuses on few areas that includes: Producing quality products at reasonable prices Expanding the development of complementary service. Extending the space of this supermarket This entity tries to change with the advancement of technology. They try to reach out to the customers through online operations. The present market position of Sainsbury has been analyzed with the help of SWOT analysis presented below: Strengths- Sainsbury has diversified its business by presently operating in more than 1200 supermarket and merchandise operation. The companys sustainability plan involves different CSR activities in order to protect environment. However, for making the products eco-friendly, they have implemented various measures including positive waste and carbon water (Verbeke 2013). At present, Sainsbury is implementing new technology for driving sales growth and attain customers loyalty. As a result, the company ranks in second spot due to rise in market share value. Weakness- Their weaknesses lies mainly in the competition from their rivalries such as Tesco, Aldi. It also reflects that they have lack in implementing advertising strategies and distribution mode. As Sainsbury did not attempt to operate in foreign markets, they lack in understanding the trends and environment of other nations (Scholes 2015). At present, Tesco is leading in the competitive market pushing Sainsbury to the second position. Opportunities- Sainsbury strategizes to implement few schemes including nectar card for attaining customers loyalty. Their opportunities lie in collaboration with other retailers for maintaining its presence in the market. Presently, they are trying to differentiate products and widen its business to other nations for overcoming their weakness. Threats- Rising price competition from other rivalries including Tesco, Morrison poses threat to Sainsbury. In addition, advancement of new technology and cyber attacks creates risk for the entity. However, they can lose the entire information database about the customer if security measures are not taken. References Johnson, G., 2017. Exploring strategy: text and cases. Pearson. Russo, M.V. and Minto, A., 2012. Competitive strategy and the environment: A field of inquiry emerges. Santos-Vijande, M.L., Lpez-Snchez, J.. and Trespalacios, J.A., 2012. How organizational learning affects a firm's flexibility, competitive strategy, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(8), pp.1079-1089. Scholes, M.S., 2015. Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall. Verbeke, A., 2013. International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Walker, G. and Madsen, T.L., 2016. Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill Education.

Thursday, March 26, 2020

The Need For Honesty Essays - Virtue, Chinese Philosophy

The Need For Honesty The Need for People Honesty. Everyones heard the tale of the Boy who cried Wolf right? Sure, shepherd boy thinks he's funny, makes a fuss about imaginary wolfs, villagers come running - no wolf. Then when wolfs actually do come, he yells and screams, yet villagers weren't about to play his game again, his sheep get nailed by the wolves. Moral of the story. Liars are not believed even when they tell the truth The reasons people are less than truthful are many, they do it because they lack the courage to say what they think, they do it because they are comfortable in their pretensions, and they do it because they are insecure. I spent a long time asking myself why should people be straight up, what moral chains are there? It's to easy to say because society expects it, or because history has presented its heroes as paragons of virtue. No, I believe the reason to be much more selfish, the need for people to be straight-up is that individually you become better people for it. But why? Why would you be a better person for speaking the truth? If you leave behind all the morality, all the chains of ethics, all the issues of virtue. What is it? If truth was an object or feeling how would you describe it? Is it a goal to strive for? A gut feeling? An instinct to pass on your interpretation of events without deviation? Who knows exactly? All I know is that I hold it high, and I refuse to abnegate this belief for anyone, better yet I expect people to follow suit. Never am I more disconcerted than if someone I trust has lied to me, to my face, how dare they? Why do we feel this way? because we just do?...Neh.. To easy, because society demands that we do? No, I don't feel bad if someones lied to me because society says they shouldn't. No, I feel bad because I've been betrayed. I trusted them to be like me and they weren't. I trusted them to hold the same set of beliefs that I do, and they didn't. Yet the only way I can expect that of them is if I have a sure fire justification that my way is right...but I don't so where am I? Who knows? Is honesty some common unspoken societal belief? Or spawned of some religious base? Or are people only honest because they fear retribution? Are they better people for speaking it out of fear, and not obligation? These questions have been asked for centuries, the dude who told The Boy Who Cried Wolf was born in the 6thCentury Before Christ. He was a slave to Egyptian King Cleombrotus, his name was Aesop. The questions have been answered using words like nobility, integrity, and virtue. Yet none of them fit, none of them completely explain why people owe it to each other to be honest. This is because they don't owe anything to each other, they owe it to themselves. People that lie go against the grain, they are frowned upon and rightly so. Deep inside everyone knows that if they lie its wrong, a little fib here, embellishment there, whats the harm? I'll tell you what the harm is, its a *censored* load of grey in my life that I don't really need. Philosophy Essays

Friday, March 6, 2020

Free Essays on Roughnecks

ROUGHNECKS by, Thomas Cochran Setting: Oil Camp, Louisiana, in the late fall. Character: Travis Cody, the main character, high school football player, Glen Cody, Travis’ older brother, who has graduated from high school, Travis’ mother, a nurse, â€Å"Lunk,† Travis’ close friend and fellow teammate, and Jerico Grooms, Travis’ arch rival, who plays for Pineview. Point of View: This story is told from the view of Travis Cody, the main character. Which makes this story told in first person point of view. Theme: This story tells of the day of the main character, Travis Codys', big game. The game is against Pineview, the Roughnecks arch rivals. It is the state championship, and Travis’ second chance to prove himself against the best nose guard in the state, Jerico Grooms. The first time these two met Grooms beat one of Travis’ assignments that cost the Roughnecks an undefeated season. All day Travis has doubted himself against Grooms. At the end of the book, Travis beats Grooms and the Roughnecks go on to win the state championship. Once he beat Grooms, his doughts in himself were gone. So I think that the theme of this story is that when Travis learned that sometimes when you dought yourself, you need to give it that litter extra effort to prove it to yourself. Plot: This story is about Travis Cody, a high school football player. The whole story is about the day of Travis’ big game against Pineview. It tells about everything that he does all day. This game is his big second chance against Pineview. Earlier in the season, when they played Pinview, their star nose guard, Jerico Grooms, breaks through Travis’ blocking assignments that cost the Roughnecks an undefeated season. Travis has been worrying about his talents against Grooms for the past week. In the final seconds of the game Grooms admits to Travis that he has been worrying about him for a long time, and Travis admits the same thing. T... Free Essays on Roughnecks Free Essays on Roughnecks ROUGHNECKS by, Thomas Cochran Setting: Oil Camp, Louisiana, in the late fall. Character: Travis Cody, the main character, high school football player, Glen Cody, Travis’ older brother, who has graduated from high school, Travis’ mother, a nurse, â€Å"Lunk,† Travis’ close friend and fellow teammate, and Jerico Grooms, Travis’ arch rival, who plays for Pineview. Point of View: This story is told from the view of Travis Cody, the main character. Which makes this story told in first person point of view. Theme: This story tells of the day of the main character, Travis Codys', big game. The game is against Pineview, the Roughnecks arch rivals. It is the state championship, and Travis’ second chance to prove himself against the best nose guard in the state, Jerico Grooms. The first time these two met Grooms beat one of Travis’ assignments that cost the Roughnecks an undefeated season. All day Travis has doubted himself against Grooms. At the end of the book, Travis beats Grooms and the Roughnecks go on to win the state championship. Once he beat Grooms, his doughts in himself were gone. So I think that the theme of this story is that when Travis learned that sometimes when you dought yourself, you need to give it that litter extra effort to prove it to yourself. Plot: This story is about Travis Cody, a high school football player. The whole story is about the day of Travis’ big game against Pineview. It tells about everything that he does all day. This game is his big second chance against Pineview. Earlier in the season, when they played Pinview, their star nose guard, Jerico Grooms, breaks through Travis’ blocking assignments that cost the Roughnecks an undefeated season. Travis has been worrying about his talents against Grooms for the past week. In the final seconds of the game Grooms admits to Travis that he has been worrying about him for a long time, and Travis admits the same thing. T...

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Case study for Coca Cola Marketing Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

For Coca Cola Marketing Analysis - Case Study Example Coca Cola is an example of such an establishment that has remained a proficient player in the beverage trade amidst the increasing competition in the industry. It was established in the nineteenth century and it is the market leader in producing, distributing and selling soft drinks in the international market. The company operates in nearly 200 nations and has invented over 400 brands since it was founded (The Coca Cola Company). Its leading brands include Coke, Sprite, and Stony among others. Their success has its major rivals at bay including Pepsi and Nestle. This case study gives an in depth analysis of the company’s marketing strategy and the potential issues facing the company. COMPANY’S OVERVIEW As far as the global manufacturing, distribution and sale of soft drinks are concerned, the Coca Cola company in the lead. The company was founded in 1886 in Atlanta Georgia by John Pemberton who was a pharmacist by profession (The Coca Cola Company). His formula was lat er purchased by Asa Chandler in 1891 and this marked the advent of the company’s business achievement. It sells approximately 400 brands making it the top company in terms of market capitalization. Additionally, the entity enjoys impressive customer loyalty and has licensed distributors in over 200 countries. This fact ensures that the entity is in a position to segment its customers hence the high profitably levels. In spite of the harsh economic conditions, the company has remained financially stable over the years. This is due to the company’s ability to adapt to cotemporary marketing strategies such as the use of online marketing through social media such as Twitter, MySpace and Face book (The Coca Cola Company). The company has a history of having a strong corporate culture that propelled the company’s success to date (The Coca Cola Company). For example, the company sponsored the FIFA 2010 World Cup and has constructed wildlife reserves. Potential Issues F acing the Company. Although the company has a huge part of the market share, it is clear that it faces stiff harsh competition from other key players in the industry. However, the company has been experiencing a constant increase in the stocks since 2008 as compared to its major rival Pepsi Co, Inc. Furthermore, the non – alcoholic industry is increasingly competitive with numerous companies. There are competitive products in the market including carbonated drinks, energy drinks, packaged juices and fresh juices. Other significant competitors of the company include, Cadbury Schweppes plc, Nestle and Groupe Danone (Lopez 25). The competitive factors are with regard to pricing, product innovation, sales promotion, dispensing equipment, packaging, and production techniques. Moreover, the company competes in terms of brand name and trade mark protection. The company faces other issues in their operations that may have an impact on its future. In the recent past there have been fl uctuations in the value of the dollar against the common currencies. The larger percentage of the entity’s income is generated outside the United States and owing to the strong performance of the dollar the firm’s revenues from other parts of the world its profits may fall considerably (Lopez 38). The other issue facing Coca Cola is scarcity of water. The

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Measurement of intellectual capital Annotated Bibliography

Measurement of intellectual capital - Annotated Bibliography Example The article entitled â€Å"Measuring for managing?† An IC Practice Case Study is written in order to highlight the success of the governmental organization which was operating with the name of Lands in terms of implementing practices of managing intellectual capital and it used a case study approach to investigate the issue. The organizational management was laughed at and they were ruthlessly judged as chasers of an elusive practice but at the end of the day, the underdogs had emerged as victorious because they had a vision and they believed in it and their performance showed to the world that they are indeed successful. The organizations learn as humans do and they have to create neural networks and data banks in order to retain their learning. With the help of modern psychology, it can be established that humans work out their way in lives by applying their experiences which are known to get stored in the nuclides of their brains. However, organizations go through various types of experiences on a daily basis and their exposures and logs are recorded in infrastructure of information technology. The employees access the databases in order to learn how to manage certain situations whereas; they regularly update them with their experiences as well so that future learning can be facilitated. This article is useful for me in proving worth of my research topic as an applied concept. The next article which has a working title of â€Å"Intellectual capital measurement: a critical approach† highlighted the fact that the companies are working with less than effective means of measuring IC’s effectiveness because they are focusing on financial gains which are associated with organizational learning and it uses a case development methodology. However, this paper does not go well with the abovementioned article because humans do not believe in what they cannot see. The businesses measure success in monetary terms

Monday, January 27, 2020

Predicting Effects of Environmental Contaminants

Predicting Effects of Environmental Contaminants 1.1. Debunking some chemical myths†¦ In October 2008, the Royal Society of Chemistry announced they were offering  £1 million to the first member of the public that could bring a 100% chemical free material. This attempt to reclaim the word ‘chemical from the advertising and marketing industries that use it as a synonym for poison was a reaction to a decision of the Advertising Standards Authority to defend an advert perpetuating the myths that natural products were chemical free (Edwards 2008). Indeed, no material regardless of its origin is chemical free. A related common misconception is that chemicals made by nature are intrinsically good and, conversely, those manufactured by man are bad (Ottoboni 1991). There are many examples of toxic compounds produced by algae or other micro-organisms, venomous animals and plants, or even examples of environmental harm resulting from the presence of relatively benign natural compounds either in unexpected places or in unexpected quantities. It is therefore of prime impo rtance to define what is meant by ‘chemical when referring to chemical hazards in this chapter and the rest of this book. The correct term to describe a chemical compound an organism may be exposed to, whether of natural or synthetic origins, is xenobiotic, i.e. a substance foreign to an organism (the term has also been used for transplants). A xenobiotic can be defined as a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. A grasp of some of the fundamental principles of the scientific disciplines that underlie the characterisation of effects associated with exposure to a xenobiotic is required in order to understand the potential consequences of the presence of pollutants in the environment and critically appraise the scientific evidence. This chapter will attempt to briefly summarise some important concepts of basic toxicology and environmental epidemiology relevant in this context. 1.2. Concepts of Fundamental Toxicology Toxicology is the science of poisons. A poison is commonly defined as ‘any substance that can cause an adverse effect as a result of a physicochemical interaction with living tissue'(Duffus 2006). The use of poisons is as old as the human race, as a method of hunting or warfare as well as murder, suicide or execution. The evolution of this scientific discipline cannot be separated from the evolution of pharmacology, or the science of cures. Theophrastus Phillippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, more commonly known as Paracelsus (1493-1541), a physician contemporary of Copernicus, Martin Luther and da Vinci, is widely considered as the father of toxicology. He challenged the ancient concepts of medicine based on the balance of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile) associated with the four elements and believed illness occurred when an organ failed and poisons accumulated. This use of chemistry and chemical analogies was particularly offensive to his contempo rary medical establishment. He is famously credited the following quote that still underlies present-day toxicology. In other words, all substances are potential poisons since all can cause injury or death following excessive exposure. Conversely, this statement implies that all chemicals can be used safely if handled with appropriate precautions and exposure is kept below a defined limit, at which risk is considered tolerable (Duffus 2006). The concepts both of tolerable risk and adverse effect illustrate the value judgements embedded in an otherwise scientific discipline relying on observable, measurable empirical evidence. What is considered abnormal or undesirable is dictated by society rather than science. Any change from the normal state is not necessarily an adverse effect even if statistically significant. An effect may be considered harmful if it causes damage, irreversible change or increased susceptibility to other stresses, including infectious disease. The stage of development or state of health of the organism may also have an influence on the degree of harm. 1.2.1. Routes of exposure Toxicity will vary depending on the route of exposure. There are three routes via which exposure to environmental contaminants may occur; Ingestion Inhalation Skin adsorption Direct injection may be used in environmental toxicity testing. Toxic and pharmaceutical agents generally produce the most rapid response and greatest effect when given intravenously, directly into the bloodstream. A descending order of effectiveness for environmental exposure routes would be inhalation, ingestion and skin adsorption. Oral toxicity is most relevant for substances that might be ingested with food or drinks. Whilst it could be argued that this is generally under an individuals control, there are complex issues regarding information both about the occurrence of substances in food or water and the current state-of-knowledge about associated harmful effects. Gases, vapours and dusts or other airborne particles are inhaled involuntarily (with the infamous exception of smoking). The inhalation of solid particles depends upon their size and shape. In general, the smaller the particle, the further into the respiratory tract it can go. A large proportion of airborne particles breathed through the mouth or cleared by the cilia of the lungs can enter the gut. Dermal exposure generally requires direct and prolonged contact with the skin. The skin acts as a very effective barrier against many external toxicants, but because of its great surface area (1.5-2 m2), some of the many diverse substances it comes in contact with may still elicit topical or systemic effects (Williams and Roberts 2000). If dermal exposure is often most relevant in occupational settings, it may nonetheless be pertinent in relation to bathing waters (ingestion is an important route of exposure in this context). Voluntary dermal exposure related to the use of cosmetics raises the same questions regarding the adequate communication of current knowledge about potential effects as those related to food. 1.2.2. Duration of exposure The toxic response will also depend on the duration and frequency of exposure. The effect of a single dose of a chemical may be severe effects whilst the same dose total dose given at several intervals may have little if any effect. An example would be to compare the effects of drinking four beers in one evening to those of drinking four beers in four days. Exposure duration is generally divided into four broad categories; acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic. Acute exposure to a chemical usually refers to a single exposure event or repeated exposures over a duration of less than 24 hours. Sub-acute exposure to a chemical refers to repeated exposures for 1 month or less, sub-chronic exposure to continuous or repeated exposures for 1 to 3 months or approximately 10% of an experimental species life time and chronic exposure for more than 3 months, usually 6 months to 2 years in rodents (Eaton and Klaassen 2001). Chronic exposure studies are designed to assess the cumulative toxici ty of chemicals with potential lifetime exposure in humans. In real exposure situations, it is generally very difficult to ascertain with any certainty the frequency and duration of exposure but the same terms are used. For acute effects, the time component of the dose is not important as a high dose is responsible for these effects. However if acute exposure to agents that are rapidly absorbed is likely to induce immediate toxic effects, it does not rule out the possibility of delayed effects that are not necessarily similar to those associated with chronic exposure, e.g. latency between the onset of certain cancers and exposure to a carcinogenic substance. It may be worth here mentioning the fact that the effect of exposure to a toxic agent may be entirely dependent on the timing of exposure, in other words long-term effects as a result of exposure to a toxic agent during a critically sensitive stage of development may differ widely to those seen if an adult organism is exposed to the same substance. Acute effects are almost always the result of accidents. Otherwise, they may result from criminal poisoning or self-poisoning (suicide). Conversely, whilst chronic exposure to a toxic agent is general ly associated with long-term low-level chronic effects, this does not preclude the possibility of some immediate (acute) effects after each administration. These concepts are closely related to the mechanisms of metabolic degradation and excretion of ingested substances and are best illustrated by 1.1. Line A. chemical with very slow elimination. Line B. chemical with a rate of elimination equal to frequency of dosing. Line C. Rate of elimination faster than the dosing frequency. Blue-shaded area is representative of the concentration at the target site necessary to elicit a toxic response. 1.2.3. Mechanisms of toxicity The interaction of a foreign compound with a biological system is two-fold: there is the effect of the organism on the compound (toxicokinetics) and the effect of the compound on the organism (toxicodynamics). Toxicokinetics relate to the delivery of the compound to its site of action, including absorption (transfer from the site of administration into the general circulation), distribution (via the general circulation into and out of the tissues), and elimination (from general circulation by metabolism or excretion). The target tissue refers to the tissue where a toxicant exerts its effect, and is not necessarily where the concentration of a toxic substance is higher. Many halogenated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known to bioaccumulate in body fat stores. Whether such sequestration processes are actually protective to the individual organisms, i.e. by lowering the concentration of the toxicant at the site of action is not clear (OFlaherty 2000). In an ecological context however, such bioaccumulation may serve as an indirect route of exposure for organisms at higher trophic levels, thereby potentia lly contributing to biomagnification through the food chain. Absorption of any compound that has not been directed intravenously injected will entail transfer across membrane barriers before it reaches the systemic circulation, and the efficiency of absorption processes is highly dependent on the route of exposure. It is also important to note that distribution and elimination, although often considered separately, take place simultaneously. Elimination itself comprises of two kinds of processes, excretion and biotransformation, that are also taking place simultaneously. Elimination and distribution are not independent of each other as effective elimination of a compounds will prevent its distribution in peripheral tissues, whilst conversely, wide distribution of a compound will impede its excretion (OFlaherty 2000). Kinetic models attempt to predict the concentration of a toxicant at the target site from the administered dose. If often the ultimate toxicant, i.e. the chemical species that induces structural or functional alterations resulting in toxicity, is the compound administered (parent compound), it can also be a metabolite of the parent compound generated by biotransformation processes, i.e. toxication rather than detoxication (Timbrell 2000; Gregus and Klaassen 2001). The liver and kid neys are the most important excretory organs for non-volatile substances, whilst the lungs are active in the excretion of volatile compounds and gases. Other routes of excretion include the skin, hair, sweat, nails and milk. Milk may be a major route of excretion for lipophilic chemicals due to its high fat content (OFlaherty 2000). Toxicodynamics is the study of toxic response at the site of action, including the reactions with and binding to cell constituents, and the biochemical and physiological consequences of these actions. Such consequences may therefore be manifested and observed at the molecular or cellular levels, at the target organ or on the whole organism. Therefore, although toxic responses have a biochemical basis, the study of toxic response is generally subdivided either depending on the organ on which toxicity is observed, including hepatotoxicity (liver), nephrotoxicity (kidney), neurotoxicity (nervous system), pulmonotoxicity (lung) or depending on the type of toxic response, including teratogenicity (abnormalities of physiological development), immunotoxicity (immune system impairment), mutagenicity (damage of genetic material), carcinogenicity (cancer causation or promotion). The choice of the toxicity endpoint to observe in experimental toxicity testing is therefore of critical importance. In recent years, rapid advances of biochemical sciences and technology have resulted in the development of bioassay techniques that can contribute invaluable information regarding toxicity mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. However, the extrapolation of such information to predict effects in an intact organism for the purpose of risk assessment is still in its infancy (Gundert -Remy et al. 2005). 1.2.4. Dose-response relationships 83A7DC81The theory of dose-response relationships is based on the assumptions that the activity of a substance is not an inherent quality but depends on the dose an organism is exposed to, i.e. all substances are inactive below a certain threshold and active over that threshold, and that dose-response relationships are monotonic, the response rises with the dose. Toxicity may be detected either as all-or-nothing phenomenon such as the death of the organism or as a graded response such as the hypertrophy of a specific organ. The dose-response relationship involves correlating the severity of the response with exposure (the dose). Dose-response relationships for all-or-nothing (quantal) responses are typically S-shaped and this reflects the fact that sensitivity of individuals in a population generally exhibits a normal or Gaussian distribution. Biological variation in susceptibility, with fewer individuals being either hypersusceptible or resistant at both end of the curve and the maj ority responding between these two extremes, gives rise to a bell-shaped normal frequency distribution. When plotted as a cumulative frequency distribution, a sigmoid dose-response curve is observed ( 1.2). Studying dose response, and developing dose response models, is central to determining safe and hazardous levels. The simplest measure of toxicity is lethality and determination of the median lethal dose, the LD50 is usually the first toxicological test performed with new substances. The LD50 is the dose at which a substance is expected to cause the death of half of the experimental animals and it is derived statistically from dose-response curves (Eaton and Klaassen 2001). LD50 values are the standard for comparison of acute toxicity between chemical compounds and between species. Some values are given in Table 1.1. It is important to note that the higher the LD50, the less toxic the compound. Similarly, the EC50, the median effective dose, is the quantity of the chemical that is estimated to have an effect in 50% of the organisms. However, median doses alone are not very informative, as they do not convey any information on the shape of the dose-response curve. This is best illustrated by 1.3. While toxicant A appears (always) more toxic than toxicant B on the basis of its lower LD50, toxicant B will start affecting organisms at lower doses (lower threshold) while the steeper slope for the dose-response curve for toxicant A means that once individuals become overexposed (exceed the threshold dose), the increase in response occurs over much smaller increments in dose. Low dose responses The classical paradigm for extrapolating dose-response relationships at low doses is based on the concept of threshold for non-carcinogens, whereas it assumes that there is no threshold for carcinogenic responses and a linear relationship is hypothesised (s 1.4 and 1.5). The NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) is the exposure level at which there is no statistically or biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between exposed population and its appropriate control. The NOEL for the most sensitive test species and the most sensitive indicator of toxicity is usually employed for regulatory purposes. The LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) is the lowest exposure level at which there is a statistically or biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between exposed population and its appropriate control. The main criticism of NOAEL and LOAEL is that there are dependent on study design, i.e. the dose groups selected and the number of individuals in each group. Statistical methods of deriving the concentration that produces a specific effect ECx, or a benchmark dose (BMD), the statistical lower confidence limit on the dose that produces a defined response (the benchm ark response or BMR), are increasingly preferred. To understand the risk that environmental contaminants pose to human health requires the extrapolation of limited data from animal experimental studies to the low doses critically encountered in the environment. Such extrapolation of dose-response relationships at low doses is the source of much controversy. Recent advances in the statistical analysis of very large populations exposed to ambient concentrations of environmental pollutants have however not observed thresholds for cancer or non-cancer outcomes (White et al. 2009). The actions of chemical agents are triggered by complex molecular and cellular events that may lead to cancer and non-cancer outcomes in an organism. These processes may be linear or non-linear at an individual level. A thorough understanding of critical steps in a toxic process may help refine current assumptions about thresholds (Boobis et al. 2009). The dose-response curve however describes the response or variation in sensitivity of a population. Biologica l and statistical attributes such as population variability, additivity to pre-existing conditions or diseases induced at background exposure will tend to smooth and linearise the dose-response relationship, obscuring individual thresholds. Hormesis Dose-response relationships for substances that are essential for normal physiological function and survival are actually U-shaped. At very low doses, adverse effects are observed due to a deficiency. As the dose of such an essential nutrient is increased, the adverse effect is no longer detected and the organism can function normally in a state of homeostasis. Abnormally high doses however, can give rise to a toxic response. This response may be qualitatively different and the toxic endpoint measured at very low and very high doses is not necessarily the same. There is evidence that nonessential substances may also impart an effect at very low doses ( 1.6). Some authors have argued that hormesis ought to be the default assumption in the risk assessment of toxic substances (Calabrese and Baldwin 2003). Whether such low dose effects should be considered stimulatory or beneficial is controversial. Further, potential implications of the concept of hormesis for the risk management of the combinations of the wide variety of environmental contaminants present at low doses that individuals with variable sensitivity may be exposed to are at best unclear. 1.2.5. Chemical interactions In regulatory hazard assessment, chemical hazard are typically considered on a compound by compound basis, the possibility of chemical interactions being accounted for by the use of safety or uncertainty factors. Mixture effects still represent a challenge for the risk management of chemicals in the environment, as the presence of one chemical may alter the response to another chemical. The simplest interaction is additivity: the effect of two or more chemicals acting together is equivalent to the sum of the effects of each chemical in the mixture when acting independently. Synergism is more complex and describes a situation when the presence of both chemicals causes an effect that is greater than the sum of their effects when acting alone. In potentiation, a substance that does not produce specific toxicity on its own increases the toxicity of another substance when both are present. Antagonism is the principle upon which antidotes are based whereby a chemical can reduce the harm ca used by a toxicant (James et al. 2000; Duffus 2006). Mathematical illustrations and examples of known chemical interactions are given in Table 1.2. Table 1.2. Mathematical representations of chemical interactions (reproduced from James et al., 2000) Effect Hypothetical mathematical illustration Example Additive 2 + 3 = 5 Organophosphate pesticides Synergistic 2 + 3 = 20 Cigarette smoking + asbestos Potentiation 2 + 0 = 10 Alcohol + carbon tetrachloride Antagonism 6 + 6 = 8 or 5 + (-5) = 0 or 10 + 0 = 2 Toluene + benzene Caffeine + alcohol Dimercaprol + mercury There are four main ways in which chemicals may interact (James et al. 2000); 1. Functional: both chemicals have an effect on the same physiological function. 2. Chemical: a chemical reaction between the two compounds affects the toxicity of one or both compounds. 3. Dispositional: the absorption, metabolism, distribution or excretion of one substance is increased or decreased by the presence of the other. 4. Receptor-mediated: when two chemicals have differing affinity and activity for the same receptor, competition for the receptor will modify the overall effect. 1.2.6. Relevance of animal models A further complication in the extrapolation of the results of toxicological experimental studies to humans, or indeed other untested species, is related to the anatomical, physiological and biochemical differences between species. This paradoxically requires some previous knowledge of the mechanism of toxicity of a chemical and comparative physiology of different test species. When adverse effects are detected in screening tests, these should be interpreted with the relevance of the animal model chosen in mind. For the derivation of safe levels, safety or uncertainty factors are again usually applied to account for the uncertainty surrounding inter-species differences (James et al. 2000; Sullivan 2006). 1.2.7. A few words about doses When discussing dose-response, it is also important to understand which dose is being referred to and differentiate between concentrations measured in environmental media and the concentration that will illicit an adverse effect at the target organ or tissue. The exposure dose in a toxicological testing setting is generally known or can be readily derived or measured from concentrations in media and average consumption (of food or water for example) ( 1.7.). Whilst toxicokinetics help to develop an understanding of the relationship between the internal dose and a known exposure dose, relating concentrations in environmental media to the actual exposure dose, often via multiple pathways, is in the realm of exposure assessment. 1.2.8. Other hazard characterisation criteria Before continuing further, it is important to clarify the difference between hazard and risk. Hazard is defined as the potential to produce harm, it is therefore an inherent qualitative attribute of a given chemical substance. Risk on the other hand is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the hazard and the probability of it being realised. Hazard assessment is therefore the first step of risk assessment, followed by exposure assessment and finally risk characterization. Toxicity is not the sole criterion evaluated for hazard characterisation purposes. Some chemicals have been found in the tissues of animals in the arctic for example, where these substances of concern have never been used or produced. This realization that some pollutants were able to travel far distances across national borders because of their persistence, and bioaccumulate through the food web, led to the consideration of such inherent properties of organic compounds alongside their toxicity for the purpose of hazard characterisation. Persistence is the result of resistance to environmental degradation mechanisms such as hydrolysis, photodegradation and biodegradation. Hydrolysis only occurs in the presence of water, photodegradation in the presence of UV light and biodegradation is primarily carried out by micro-organisms. Degradation is related to water solubility, itself inversely related to lipid solubility, therefore persistence tends to be correlated to lipid solubility (Francis 1994). The persistence of inorganic substances has proven more difficult to define as they cannot be degraded to carbon and water. Chemicals may accumulate in environmental compartments and constitute environmental sinks that could be re-mobilised and lead to effects. Further, whilst substances may accumulate in one species without adverse effects, it may be toxic to its predator(s). Bioconcentration refers to accumulation of a chemical from its surrounding environment rather than specifically through food uptake. Conversely, biomagnification refers to uptake from food without consideration for uptake through the body surface. Bioaccumulation integrates both paths, surrounding medium and food. Ecological magnification refers to an increase in concentration through the food web from lower to higher trophic levels. Again, accumulation of organic compounds generally involves transfer from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic phase and correlates well with the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Herrchen 2006). Persistence and bioaccumulation of a substance is evaluated by standardised OECD tests. Criteria for the identification of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBT), and very persistent and very bioaccumulative substances (vPvB) as defined in Annex XIII of the European Directive on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (Union 2006) are given in table 1.3. To be classified as a PBT or vPvB substance, a given compound must fulfil all criteria. Table 1.3. REACH criteria for identifying PBT and vPvB chemicals Criterion PBT criteria vPvB criteria Persistence Either: Half-life > 60 days in marine water Half-life > 60 days in fresh or estuarine water Half-life > 180 days in marine sediment Half-life > 120 days in fresh or estuarine sediment Half-life > 120 days in soil Either: Half-life > 60 days in marine, fresh or estuarine water Half-life > 180 days in marine, fresh or estuarine sediment Half-life > 180 days in soil Bioaccumulation Bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 2000 Bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 2000 Toxicity Either: Chronic no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) substance is classified as carcinogenic (category 1 or 2), mutagenic (category 1 or 2), or toxic for reproduction (category 1, 2 or 3) there is other evidence of endocrine disrupting effects 1.3. Some notions of Environmental Epidemiology A complementary, observational approach to the study of scientific evidence of associations between environment and disease is epidemiology. Epidemiology can be defined as â€Å"the study of how often diseases occur and why, based on the measurement of disease outcome in a study sample in relation to a population at risk.† (Coggon et al. 2003). Environmental epidemiology refers to the study of patterns and disease and health related to exposures that are exogenous and involuntary. Such exposures generally occur in the air, water, diet, or soil and include physical, chemical and biologic agents. The extent to which environmental epidemiology is considered to include social, political, cultural, and engineering or architectural factors affecting human contact with such agents varies according to authors. In some contexts, the environment can refer to all non-genetic factors, although dietary habits are generally excluded, despite the facts that some deficiency diseases are envir onmentally determined and nutritional status may also modify the impact of an environmental exposure (Steenland and Savitz 1997; Hertz-Picciotto 1998). Most of environmental epidemiology is concerned with endemics, in other words acute or chronic disease occurring at relatively low frequency in the general population due partly to a common and often unsuspected exposure, rather than epidemics, or acute outbreaks of disease affecting a limited population shortly after the introduction of an unusual known or unknown agent. Measuring such low level exposure to the general public may be difficult when not impossible, particularly when seeking historical estimates of exposure to predict future disease. Estimating very small changes in the incidence of health effects of low-level common multiple exposure on common diseases with multifactorial etiologies is particularly difficult because often greater variability may be expected for other reasons, and environmental epidemiology has to rely on natural experiments that unlike controlled experiment are subject to confounding to other, often unknown, risk factors. However, it may still be of i mportance from a public health perspective as small effects in a large population can have large attributable risks if the disease is common (Steenland and Savitz 1997; Coggon et al. 2003). 1.3.1. Definitions What is a case? The definition of a case generally requires a dichotomy, i.e. for a given condition, people can be divided into two discrete classes the affected and the non-affected. It increasingly appears that diseases exist in a continuum of severity within a population rather than an all or nothing phenomenon. For practical reasons, a cut-off point to divide the diagnostic continuum into ‘cases and ‘non-cases is therefore required. This can be done on a statistical, clinical, prognostic or operational basis. On a statistical basis, the ‘norm is often defined as within two standard deviations of the age-specific mean, thereby arbitrarily fixing the frequency of abnormal values at around 5% in every population. Moreover, it should be noted that what is usual is not necessarily good. A clinical case may be defined by the level of a variable above which symptoms and complications have been found to become more frequent. On a prognostic basis, some clinical findings may carry an a dverse prognosis, yet be symptomless. When none of the other approaches is satisfactory, an operational threshold will need to be defined, e.g. based on a threshold for treatment (Coggon et al. 2003). Incidence, prevalence and mortality The incidence of a disease is the rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period or frequency of incidents. Incidence = The prevalence of a disease is the proportion of the population that are cases at a given point in time. This measure is appropriate only in relatively stable conditions and is unsuitable for acute disorders. Even in a chronic disease, the manifestations are often intermittent and a point prevalence will tend to underestimate the frequency of the condition. A better measure when possible is the period prevalence defined as the proportion of a population that are cases at any time within a stated pe

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Oriet Gadish – Ceo of Bain & Co

I ended up working for the number two person in he military after the chief of staff. It was a pretty exciting place to be because all of the Information-?everything actually-?was coordinated through there. I learned to deal with an awful lot of Information, to be very responsible, and to work long hours. But also, when there were events going on, I was in the war room, which is a pretty confined space, and I learned to have respect for other people but also not to be intimidated by them, because they're people. I think that really helped me later on throughout my career.I also saw people making really important decisions, life and death decisions, and I realized that you can always afford to have perfect Information, 100 percent of what you need, In order to make a decision. Later on, when I think about the way we do business at Pain, where we emphasize providing clients with solutions that are practical rather than perfect and where we often have to make decisions based on imperfec t information, I think back to those days. And it just reinforces the idea that you can always have perfect information in order to make a decision.I think I was tongue to understand that fully at the time but it has certainly Influenced me. The army also exposed me to all different kinds of people. The Israeli army brings together people from many different cultures because Israel Is very much an Immigrant country; it still Is. The Israeli is a little bit European, a little bit Middle Eastern, a little bit American, and within those broad groups there are so many different cultures as well. From Europe, for example, the Israeli is a little bit German, a little bit Polish, a little bit French, a little bit-?you name it.And so I learned to be aware of different cultures and to tolerate deferent opinions. And somehow I hind all of that influenced me as well, although again I was probably too young to register It at the time. After the army, I got my undergraduate degree In psychology at the Hebrew University. I then started my doctorate, decided that's not what I wanted to do and, long story, I ended up in the United States at Harvard Business School. The HUBS Experience My MBA has played an incredibly important role in my career.I wouldn't be where I am today without it. Saddles -1- Initially, I set out to earn a Doctorate in Business Administration (DAB) and planned to get an MBA along the way. I had imagined I was going to teach. So I started with the combined program that four or five of us got into, which meant you could do the MBA and the DAB in four years. Just to be on the safe side, I decided to finish the MBA first. After that, when I started my DAB, I decided that business was not something I wanted to teach. It was something I wanted to practice. O walkout an MBA, I probably wouldn't be doing what I'm doing at all and I might not even be in this country. HUBS was, in effect, the only school I applied to, mostly because it didn't require a background in economics or other subjects as most business schools did. I also had a friend who had studied at HUBS, and when he talked about the experience it seemed very interesting. So I decided to submit an application. I actually wrote it in Hebrew and had somebody translate it for me. Then, Just to be on the safe side, I also took that application to Wharton and they accepted me, literally, on the spot.They were also going to give me a scholarship, but I would have had to study statistics during the summer and I decided I didn't want to do that. So I came to Harvard, which didn't give scholarships for the MBA program. Also, inflation was really high at the time so it was expensive to take out a loan. But because I was also in the DAB program, I got a scholarship for my doctoral work, which, when I didn't finish the DAB, became a standing loan. That was the only way I could afford HUBS and get through the program. HUBS was my introduction to the United States.I would read cases with my di ctionary. I still remember the first case. It was eleven pages including the exhibits and it took me six hours to read. I was pretty desperate because literally every second word I had to look up in the dictionary. And the dictionary didn't give any business meaning to most of the words. For example, the dictionary described he word â€Å"contribution† as being something about giving to nonprofit organizations. So reading the cases was extremely time consuming and hard. And then I would take my dictionary to the classes or to exams. Exams were the worst.It would take me three times as long to read an exam. I'd always sit in the first row and if it was a really long exam, I'd write at the end, â€Å"This took me three hours and twenty-five minutes to write, but here's what I would have done had I had time to actually run the calculator. † In class, I forced myself to speak even though that was difficult too because of the language. If I couldn't find a word, I'd use six words to express the idea. I Just had to force myself to do things like that and that's how I learned English. I also had never seen television, but I'd heard about advertisements.We didn't have TV advertisements in Israel; there were none. So I went to a classmate's dorm room and I would turn on the TV to see what the ads looked like. I also had never been to a large supermarket. So I went to a supermarket to see what it looked like and how products were set up and so on and so forth. One time, we had a final exam on cereal, something that I had never tasted. I still don't like it, but at the time, I didn't know what it was and I couldn't imagine there were sixteen varieties and why would you want more? I also had no idea who Johnny Carson was.So I was learning quickly about the United States and its culture, and I was learning the language. I had no problem when there was a case in Turkey or almost anywhere international. But I had a problem when Johnny Carson or cereal was part of the case. Gaudies -2- In school, I paid almost no attention to the fact that I was a woman. I had enough challenges: learning English, figuring out business issues, figuring out how to study even though I couldn't read English as quickly as my peers. In fact, I had one course where the cases were forty or fifty pages long.I went to the professor and I said, â€Å"Are there any particular cases that I should read? Because I can read each one of those every day Witt my Angels n. † Ana en salad , â€Å"Well, winy don't you Just all T ten class I thought to myself, â€Å"Well, I don't intend to. † And I did, actually, get an excellent grade in that class. I studied all different areas of business as well. I think it was important for me to not get too focused on any one area at that early stage. Had I completed my doctoral program, I would have focused on marketing because I was interested in that.But instead I took a broad mix of courses in my second year. I benefited from that and, actually, that absolutely has helped me throughout my career. I learned that you should be able to focus on one or two things and be extremely good at them but if you lose your curiosity about other things you're not going to be good even in the few things you focus on. You'll be much too narrow minded or much too narrowly focused. The other interesting thing about HUBS was the case method. The first class I as in, I thought, â€Å"This is nuts. † Then I realized that it was a great teaching method because it forces you to be involved.It forces you to be a part of the discussion. It forces you to listen to the way other people think about a problem. You're active as opposed to Just passively listening to a lecture. And it allows you to draw on things that are not in the case but that maybe you learned that morning in marketing. I am on the HUBS Visiting Committee and every now and then they teach a case. I Just love it. I really enjoy it. And again, almost alw ays in real life you make decisions based on imperfect information† to some degree, and the case method is a good exercise to prepare you for that.Early Career It's very hard when you are Just coming out of an MBA program to figure out what life is really going to be like and bid for a Job. But I was drawn to consulting because of the problem-solving part of it, which has always been my interest. And what I loved about Pain and Company was how practical it was. It was not about reports; it was about results. It's still not about reports. It's still about results. I have still never looked at a report. I don't think there is any other consultant who can say that.And it was very clear, when Bill Pain talked about the company, that he and the other people at Pain were passionate about results. Focusing on results calls for a different way of doing consulting. Now, mind you, I could barely write good English so the idea of not writing reports was a big plus for me. But I liked the idea that you really were thinking about results and implementation and not Just a report. That causes you to think about how you're going to communicate with clients, what you're going to communicate, and how perfect the information has to be to find a workable solution.That's different from happily consulting, where the focus is to convince clients that the solution is theirs and that it's the right solution for them so they Gaudies -3- will implement it. At Pain, it was all about solutions and implementation, and that appealed to me. Bill Pain had been the number two guy at Boston Consulting Group (BCC) and, by all accounts, was going to be running BCC eventually. But his idea of focusing on results was at the time a fundamentally different way of approaching consulting.BCC focuses on ideas and on developing tools that we all still use today and I give them credit because they're fantastic tools. But Bill wanted to take it a step further and not Just leave clients with ideas. He wanted to focus on results, not reports. That was revolutionary at the time. Changing course for a boat that was working very well-?and BCC was doing extremely well and was very highly regarded -?would not nave Eden easy. So 3111 tarter Nils own consulting Tall. I Nat was ten Pain I Joined and that's how we differentiate ourselves from our competitors.Being anchored in this idea of results not reports keeps us focused. So we're constantly asking ourselves, when I call Monday morning at 8:00, what is the client actually owing to have to do in order to make our recommendations happen? The case is not finished unless we know what steps he's going to take to implement the solution. And there's something I call the 80-100 rule, which means you don't want a 100 percent perfect solution if an organization at this time in its history cannot implement it. It's better to have an 80 percent solution if the organization can implement it.Eighty times one is eighty; 100 times zero is zero. This practical approach, focusing on strategy and results, is what we call our â€Å"True North. † And with that you have meeting you can evolve around and build on. Everybody in the organization knows that that is the core of what we do. You can build new practices, you can experiment with new ideas, you can also move very quickly and change, as long as you know that this is the focus that you're all working toward. And I think it has served us very well. First Client My first major client was a company in the steel industry, which was, at the time, an uncommon place for a woman.I worked in the steel industry for about five years. We worked on all different aspects of the industry, but at the end of the ay one of the things we figured out was how they could save an awful lot of money by continuously casting almost 100 percent of the steel. At that time, there was some continuous casting going on, mainly in Japan, but it was more common to reset the production processes for every different type of steel needed. We discovered, however, that if the company could move to continuous casting, they would be able to save between $80 and $100 per ton.The issue was that in order to continuously cast steel, you could use only one mix. But there are many different varieties of steel, requiring different mixes, that different customers need. There are different alloys you add to steel to make it higher quality, lower quality, stronger, softer-?whatever. But we thought if we could reduce the number of steel varieties and the number of mixes used, we could introduce continuous casting and save a lot in the production process. That was unheard of in the United States. Gaudies -4- Everybody said, â€Å"No, customers won't want it. So I went and talked to customers and found that they actually would be happy to do that. We found that there were a lot of customers who were perfectly happy to take a higher-quality steel as long as they didn't have to pay much more for it. The n I was stuck with a metallurgist who said that it could not be done. He explained to me why there are 300 different kinds of steel. I didn't know anything about metallurgy but I went through all of the varieties of steel and had him explain to me what each one of those steels was meant for and then I asked questions and triggered him to think. If we added aluminum to this, would this still satisfy this kind of customer? † He said, â€Å"Oh, yes, that would be much higher quality than they need. † We were able to bring the number of varieties down room 300-and-some to thirty. By the end of the discussion, the guy absolutely believed I knew metallurgy, which I did not. It was Just this practical way of working. The company did indeed build a continuous caster, and they did indeed save a lot of money, and they did indeed turn around from being number I don't know what to Deluge under one In proactively In ten country.I gnat's an example AT ten work we 00 at Pain. It's inv igorating to have real impact like that. Being a Woman in Business The first time we met with both the CEO and the SCOFF of the steel company, I had two presentations to give. I was with one of the founders of Pain. My manager was there too. In fact, I was the most Junior person there. At one point, the SCOFF was talking about how he was going to arrange a tour for us of the other steel companies. In the steel industry, companies shared a lot of information with each other. They still do in order to prevent accidents and so on, for safety reasons.Anyway;ay, the SCOFF was talking quite enthusiastically about arranging a tour for us and then he stopped and froze. He was looking at me and then he said, â€Å"Well, I don't know about Root. † Nobody had any clue what he was talking about. Then he said, â€Å"Well, you see, women are considered bad luck in our industry,† and everybody froze, the CEO and all the people in our group from Pain and Company. I Just turned around and said, â€Å"Well, in that case, I think that you should make sure that I go to every single one of your competitors. † That broke the ice and that was it.I went on to work in the steel industry for five years. I loved it. They even made a special hat for me. It said, Root Gaudies and then it said, â€Å"The Little Light Will Lead Us,† because my name Root comes from the Hebrew word for light. I was definitely one of the guys and I enjoyed it. Actually, there was one other funny story. In the steel industry, people used to use a lot of four-letter words. At the beginning, people would realize I was there and it would make them uncomfortable. They say, â€Å"Oops! I'm sorry. There's a lady in the room. † I remember once sitting in a room with the guy who later became the CEO.And he said something that had a four-letter word in it, and suddenly he said, â€Å"Oh, there's a lady in Gaudies -5- the room. † And he turned to me and he said, miss, and as I wa s saying to you yesterday, Root,† and he repeated it again so he actually made a point, which is kind f fun. Another time, there was a big meeting and this was clearly holding everybody up. So I looked for the right time and I used one of those four-letter words in a sentence the way they did, and that was it. They were comfortable talking again. And then we were Just working and moving forward together.I thought, if that's the language here, then that's fine. The lesson I learned was never to take it personally when somebody thought that a woman couldn't do something, whether it was a client or even a colleague at Pain. For example, once at Pain, very early on, one of the menders, one of the managers, and I were visiting a client. At one point, the founder said, â€Å"Dan, why don't you go and talk to X? Root, why don't you go and talk to-?oh! Actually, I'm not sure how he'd react to a woman. † I didn't say anything then but the next day, I knocked on his door and said , â€Å"Did you realize what you did yesterday? And he said, â€Å"No. What did I do? † I told him and then I said, â€Å"l completely understand. But if I don't get a chance, then none of us, not Pain, not you, and not l, will ever know if I can actually talk to people like that and if we can have a productive conversation. He was very thoughtful. And the next time we went together to a meeting, he gave me a chance to have an important conversation. The conversation went well and that was that. I had taken some responsibility for managing the situation. I hadn't gotten upset. And I knew that this was not personal. It was the same with clients.I'd walk in Ana teen would always assume Tanat I was ten most Junior person. I learned to use either a sense of humor or other little tricks to force them to forget that I was a woman and to Just focus on what we were doing. One time, for example, I was with he CEO of a company in the Midwest. I'd actually been on the case for a while . I was a manager. I had a brand new consultant with me, a young guy named Paul. We were sitting talking with the CEO. I would ask a question and the CEO would listen to me and then he would direct his response to Paul. It made it difficult for us to really engage in a discussion.So when the CEO went out to say something to his secretary, I told Paul, â€Å"Every time I ask a question, when I'm done, Just look at me, so the guy will get tired of looking at your ear. He'll have to look at me as well. † And, honest to God, Alfa an hour later, the guy was Just looking at me and we had a good discussion, and we continued to have good discussions after that. I never had to say a word. You can have a sense of humor. You can know that it's not personal. And you can Just find creative ways to solve the problem. But at the end of the day, the most important thing is that you deliver. That's not unlike what guys have to do.And frankly, in most cases, once people get over the fact that you're a woman and start focusing on what you're saying and what you're doing and the results that you provide, the fact that o'er a woman is completely forgotten. It's like in the steel business. After a certain point, I don't think they could even remember that at one point in time that they even thought about me being a woman versus a man. The Automotive Industry Later, I worked in the automotive industry with a major car company. We started with two little projects but quickly discovered something not related to either one of those Gaudies -6- projects.We realized there was too much complexity in the number of options for cars being offered. Basically, you could have any combination of options you wanted. So the car manufacturers were producing cars with all kinds of options, and not necessarily based on market studies of the combinations customers preferred. So there were either too many cars that people were not particularly interested in or it would take a year to get your ca r with the options you wanted. We calculated that there were about ten billion combinations of Just about every car line they had and that was, of course, absurd.That didn't make sense for suppliers, for dealers, or for manufacturers. So we came up with a program to reduce the number of combinations of cars made in the plant from ten billion to Just fourteen. If somebody wanted a special car, they could still order it but it would take longer. To reduce the number of combinations so dramatically, we went back and looked at all the cars that were purchased. From all of that data, we figured out which combinations people preferred. Our findings were pretty intuitive actually. The salespeople said the dealers would hate it.In fact, the dealers were ecstatic because too often they had cars sitting on the lot that nobody wanted. The customers liked it because we had figured out the options they tended to prefer so they weren't walking away with options they didn't really want. And of cou rse the manufacturing team loved it because you could save a hell of a lot of money by streamlining production and limiting the number of combinations you had to manufacture. Initially, neither the salespeople nor the marketing people liked it, because they really believed that customers wanted all Kolas AT pitons.From ten time AT Hoar, when you could n â€Å"any color you wanted as long as it was black,† to Sloane, where you could have absolutely anything you wanted, the industry had gone from one extreme to the other. To make a long story short, we were able to convince the marketing and sales people that this would work. And eventually we were able to come up with this program, which reduced the time to delivery from months and months to days. And throughout the entire system, from the suppliers to the manufacturers to the dealers, we ended up saving this company on the order of $9. Billion a year. This was in the late sass. I'd say the company was proud of our work and we were proud of our work. We learned some of this from Toyota and Ionians. But you learn from wherever you can. If you're really good at what you do, you learn in one industry from what somebody doing in another industry. That's one of the benefits of working on a broad set of issues in diverse industries and always bringing them into whatever you're doing. Hard Times at Pain After all of these years, I think dwelling on precisely what happened is kind of irrelevant.The fact is that the founders of Pain started to take some money out. They had some bad advice from an investment banker and they took too much money out of the company. That meant the company was burdened with a lot of debt relative to its size, with a very high interest payment going forward. The model they had used was based on the company growing at a refit of 50 percent a year. Although the company had grown at Gaudies -7- that rate in the past, it was, of course, not practical. To make a long story short, that was a n unsustainable model.The first inkling the rest of us had of the situation was when the founder fired people, which was a complete break in the unwritten social agreement that existed at Pain and Company. Because we're a consulting firm and this was an SOP, the labor department eventually made the whole transaction public. That's how the rest of us learned what, exactly, was happening. After that, we had to turn around the company without the founder. But I'll give Bill Pain credit; he was the first one to realize that he had made a mistake. He asked Mitt Rooney to come and help and then Bill Pain worked hard to try and help turn the situation around.The founders had to give back some money. We had to negotiate with banks, and so on and so forth. But it's a situation that very few service firms have ever survived. In fact, we were told by an investment bank that we were not going to survive. But we asked Mitt Rooney, who was then head of Pain Capital and had been Vice president of Pain and Company, to come back. He really helped us negotiate tit the banks and handled other issues related to the situation so that the rest of us could focus on our clients and on our people, since those were the only assets we had left.Reputation is the third asset a company like ours has, and that was shaky given the fact that the story was in the news. So the rest of us focused on clients and on our people. We worked hard too to make sure that our most important people didn't defect. Headhunters were calling every single person in the company. We also focused on our clients. Our existing clients knew what we were doing to resolve the rises so we were okay there. It was more difficult when we went to beauty contests Tort prospective new clients Ana our competitors would leave ten latest Fortune or Forbes or whatever saying what was going on at Pain.It was getting those new clients that mattered most to us. And that's what we focused on. Internally, we had a few defections. But when I think back, there was only one major defection, in terms of the key people, that I really felt bad about. So we managed to avoid mass defections. I remember one day somebody came into my office and said, â€Å"l want to talk to you about a Job offer. I was vice president, and I was a real open door, so these people felt comfortable talking to me. And I thought, in this particular case, this guy is so much better at consulting than he would be at what he was going to do, and I said that to him.He said, â€Å"Well, but I don't want to be the last one here. Everybody's talking to headhunters. Isn't that right? † I realized he was right. So I called every headhunter I was talking to and said, â€Å"Don't call me,† which was actually taking a risk. I decided to stay with Pain and Company unless things fell apart. So the next time somebody name into my office and said, â€Å"Everybody's talking to headhunters,† I was able to say in all honesty, â€Å"Well, I' m not. I'm absolutely committed to staying here. † Soon after, the first guy came back to me to tell me that he too had decided to stay at Pain after I told him I wasn't going anywhere.And I asked him to do something that was very counterintuitive. I asked him to go out and tell people that he had received a Job offer, that he had seriously considered taking it, that he had in fact said yes to the offer Gaudies -8- and that he had decided instead to stay with Pain. He said, â€Å"I can do that. You don't do those things. You don't want people to know. † I said, â€Å"What? You told me that everybody's talking about leaving, or at least talking to headhunters, but nobody talking about the fact that they have decided to stay.I think it's a pretty powerful story. † So he hesitated, and then he agreed to spread the word about his decision. That was the beginning of a reversal of what could have been a mass defection. I then became chairman, but I perceive the leaders hip of this firm as a partnership. The partnership really is what comes first when we think about our governance. I was chosen through a selection process by all of the partners. The key criteria centered on people who are very good at what we do in our business.Throughout the history of Pain and Company, our selection of leaders centers on the people here who have the most impact with clients. We wanted a chairman who would serve as a role model in that. So in our company, people in senior positions continue to work with clients and not Just to sell but also to do the real consulting work. I still have clients I work with, and it's the only way to (a) keep me interested, (b) keep me up to date on what's really going on with clients, with our company, with our team, etc. And (c) keep the consulting we do strong.If you take senior people away from the consulting, which they are good at, and shift them to doing only administrative work or selling or public speaking-?all of which we do too of course-?then their experience is not available to the clients and it's not available as mentoring to your own team. So I agreed to become chairman on the condition that I would be able to continue to work with clients. I think that sets us apart from other professional service firms. Today, all of our senior people, the ones who are the most highly regarded, continue to work tit clients and, most importantly, they want to continue to work with clients.The clients are always canalling. I en problems are always canalling. So Its Important to keep learning. This is a pretty exciting business because of that. And, in my case, I play an international role as well. I work with international Coos. And I mean I really work with them, I do not Just interact with them. It's very exciting to see how Coos think, how government and business interact in different countries, how culture affects business, etc. It's fascinating. I love the international aspect of my work. I Just sis I didn't have to travel so much for it. I don't like to travel, but I love what I do when I get there.In terms of time management, I used to say that I spend 70 percent of my time with clients. That's probably true but I probably work more than 100 percent of my time. But really you don't break it up that way. When I'm abroad, for example, I might do client work in the morning. Then I might talk to U. S. Clients in the evening or talk with my secretary about administrative issues. I meet with our people in our various offices to talk about their clients or internal issues. I might be giving a beech in Germany, for example, and then work with people from the office on the way over there.If you have a lot of energy, you can put a lot of things together. It's not a precise science. It is not even a precise art, but it is an art. You Just have to have a lot of energy and to really love what you're doing. Gaudies -9- Critical Success Factors I don't tend to think about myself much. I'm very goal oriented when I go forward. But I think a big part of what consulting does has to do with psychology and learning to really listen to what people are saying both verbally and nonverbally. Having a â€Å"True North† has also been key. It has kept us focused on strategy and results as inseparable.Strategy combined with results is very powerful. Strategy without results is meaningless, and results without strategic thinking may not be very productive or useful. So combining almost everything we do with strategic thinking and results is critical. There were times when we actually had to fight to keep that. We had a lot of discussions about it. We ended up calling it our â€Å"True North,† and today it is Just part of the language here and part of how we think about critical decisions. We'll say, â€Å"This is a real true-north question,† when we have a really difficult decision to make.We have even â€Å"resigned† from some pretty lucrative projects when we didn't believe that results were going to happen. We do it with dignity, after a lot of discussion, but those are hard things to do. For example, a large Fortune 50 company got into trouble. We were asked to come in and help them. We helped them turn around financially but we also saw they had to turn around strategically. This was one of our major clients. We were involved in almost every aspect of their business. Anyway;ay, the papers were writing about what a great turnaround they were doing, and so on and so forth.The CEO was on the cover of all kinds of magazines. But strategically, we believed that they could not be involved in the four businesses they were in-?that, eventually, they would not be able to sustain that business model. There was one business they clearly should have gotten out of, but it was part of the legacy of the CEO, and he didn't want to get out of it. We did all of the analysis and all of the people in the organization agreed with us. But we couldn't convi nce the CEO. For six months, I had discussions with him. We had data. We Ana eve n Eng. Ana teen we Salad, â€Å"Well, In Tanat case, we Delve Tanat you can't thrive.You may not even survive long-term. † We suggested that they might want to sell themselves to somebody at that point, and we identified who might be the best buyer for them. Instead of going that route, they continued on with the four businesses. We decided to tell the CEO what we thought, that not moving in a more forceful strategic way could cost him the company. Since he didn't budge, we said we would resign, although I asked him for permission to go to the board, which, to his reedit, he let us do. One of my colleagues and I went and presented our views to the board.The board was split but eventually decided to side with him, and that was that. We resigned. Less than a year later, they came back to us and said, Mimi were right, and could you please help us now. † At that point, they had no option but to sell. They would not have been prepared to sell had we not pushed for that earlier. And we might not have suggested that had we not been following our true north. We really told them what we believed and even though there were lots of other things we old have continued to work with them on-?for tens of millions of dollars-?we really decided that was not the right thing to do.When they came back to us, we helped them sell. The social issues had Gaudies -II- been resolved by then. There was less money than they could have gotten the year before, but the shareholders still did pretty well. As the CEO and SCOFF said later on, â€Å"If it weren't for your guys and your willingness to stick to what you believed, we probably would be bankrupt. † If you have a true north and a set of core values that you stick to, you will end up making decisions that have short-term costs. But I believe, at the end of the day, they will have a long-term value.It's not something you do easily. And i t feels horrendous-?first because you feel like you failed to convince a client to do something, which is what consulting is all about, and second because of the short-term costs. It's a hit to the collective pocketbook and to your own. But when you have a true north like we do, it's really what allows you to deal with internal divisions and external adversity at the end of the day, and I think we're very lucky that we have that. I think it can create a distinctiveness from your peers or your mediators, and I think that's invaluable.Changes in the Industry I think the world has come back to where it was before the e-craze. There used to be consultants who were mostly focused on IT. There are companies that are focused mostly on informational stuff. And there are companies that are focused, as a headline, on strategy. That's where we are except that we have always focused on the operations side as well as the strategy side of a business. We believe you can't do one without the other. And then there was a period during the e-craze when everybody tried to do everything. We didn't and I think it has served us well.